Maria José Bezerra (Maria Soldado): Una Enfermera Negra Brasileña Invisibilizada / Maria José Bezerra (Maria Soldado): Una Enfermeira Negra Brasileña Invisible / Maria José Bezerra (Maria Soldado): A Brazilian Black Nurse Invisibilized

Introducción: Maria José Bezerra, Maria Soldado, mujernegra nacida en la ciudad de Limeira, São Paulo, heroína ysímbolo de la Revolución Constitucionalista de 1932, fueuna enfermera de guerra reconocida por su fuerza, valor,patriotismo y abnegación.Objetivo: historiar la trayectoria vital personal y profesionalde Maria José Bezerra. Metodología: Investigación biográficarealizada a partir de registros bibliográficos y documentales.Resultados: Maria José Bezerra sirvió como enfermeramiembro de la Legión Negra en la Guerra Civil de la RevoluciónConstitucionalista de 1932, destacando por sus logros, con unacontribución activa a la construcción de la historia del país.Conclusión: La invisibilidad negra traduce la injusticia, laincoherencia de los derechos y también los actos que tratande deshonrar al individuo en sus aspectos individuales ycolectivos. El estudio de la trayectoria de esta mujer luchadorase constituye como una estrategia para dar voz, fuerza ysentido a hacer pública la historia de una representantede la población negra, y también debería incluirse en loscurrículos académicos.(AU)

Introduction: Maria José Bezerra, a black woman born inthe city of Limeira, São Paulo, hero and symbol of the 1932Constitutionalist Revolution, was a war nurse recognized forher strength, courage, patriotism and abnegation.Objective: To historicize Maria José Bezerra's personal andprofessional life trajectory. Methodology: Biographical research based on bibliographicand documentary records.Results: Maria José Bezerra acted as a nurse member ofthe Black Legion in the Civil War of the ConstitutionalistRevolution of 1932, stood out for her achievements, withactive contribution in the construction of the country's history.Conclusion: Black invisibility translates as injustice, inconsistencyof rights, and even acts that try to discredit the individualin their individual and collective aspects. The study of thetrajectory of this woman fighter constitutes a strategy togive voice, strength and meaning to make public the historyof a representative of the black population, and the themeshould also be included in academic curricula.(AU)

Introdução: Maria José Bezerra, a Maria Soldado, uma mulhernegra nascida na cidade de Limeira, São Paulo, heroína esímbolo da Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932, foi umaenfermeira de guerra reconhecida pela força, coragem,patriotismo e abnegação.Objetivo: Historicizar a trajetória de vida pessoal e profissionalde Maria José Bezerra.Metodologia: Pesquisa biográfica realizada a partir de registrosbibliográficos e documentais.Resultados: Maria José Bezerra atuou como enfermeiramembro da Legião Negra na Guerra Civil da RevoluçãoConstitucionalista de 1932, destacou-se pelos seus feitos,com contribuição ativa na construção da história do país.Conclusão: A invisibilidade negra traduz a injustiça, incoerênciade direitos e, ainda, atos que tentam desabonar o indivíduoem seus aspectos individuais e coletivos. O estudo da trajetóriadessa mulher lutadora constitui-se como estratégia de darvoz, força e sentido de tornar público a história de umarepresentante da população negra, devendo ainda ser inclusaa temática nos currículos acadêmicos.(AU)

Carl Jung: a life on the edge of reality with hypnagogia, hyperphantasia, and hallucinations.

Whether the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung (1875-1961) became psychotic after his mid-thirties is much debated. His recently published Black Books, a seven-volume journal, reveal new insights into this debate. Based on a phenomenological analysis of his self-reports in these books and in other writings, we here identify several types of anomalous perceptual experiences: hypnagogic-hypnopompic experiences, hyperphantasia, hallucinations, personifications, and sensed presence. We argue that these experiences were not indicative of a psychotic disorder, but rather stemmed from extremely vivid mental imagery, or hyperphantasia, a condition Jung's contemporaries and later biographers were unable to take into account because it had not yet been conceptualised. Recently, the degree of vividness of mental imagery and its potential to become indistinguishable from regular sense perception has been the subject of extensive studies. Unknowingly, Jung may have foreshadowed this line of research with his psychoanalytic concept of reality equivalence, i.e., the substitution of an external world for an inner mental reality that he encountered in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. There is a need for future research to investigate the possible role of hyperphantasia in psychotic experiences, but to Jung, psychosis was 'a failure to contain and comprehend' the content of one's experiences in the context of one's own life, whereas he himself did manage to put the content of his perceptual experiences into context, to find meaning in them, and to share them with others - to great acknowledgement and acclaim.

Life and fate of Ervin Bauer (1890-1938), the eminent scholar and foundational theoretical biologist.

Ervin Bauer (1890-1938) was the first to build a general molecular-based biological theory. He defined the basic principles of theoretical biology from a thermodynamic perspective, focusing on the capacity of biological systems to produce and support the state of sustainable non-equilibrium. His central work "Theoretical Biology" (1935) was written long before modern advances in molecular biology, genetics, and information theory. Ervin Bauer and his wife Stefánia were executed in Stalin's Great Terror. This paper presents a brief introduction to Ervin Bauer's life and includes his short biography.

George Sclavunos (1869-1954): Anatomical Insights and His Contribution into the "Magenstrasse of Waldeyer".

The purpose of this article is to present a well-known physician and highlight his contribution into an essential, but neglected anatomical feature. George Sclavunos (1869-1954) was a 20th century Greek physician, whose scientific work was a significant milestone in global medical knowledge. In 1899 he became Professor of Anatomy and Head Director of the Department of Anatomy. In 1906 Sclavunos G. published the first volume of the three volume book "Human Anatomy" (1906-1926), which is characterized by its unparalleled illustrations. For more than a century it was the most important book of medical literature in Greece. In 1926 he became a Full Member of the Academy of Athens and was named Life Partner of the International Anatomical Society. His interests included Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, as well as Osteology and Syndesmology. In his book "Human Anatomy", he described for first time the "Sialine Groove of the Stomach", which was described by Waldeyer-Hartz almost at the same time as the "Magenstrasse", a German word that means "stomach road". It is a ribbon-like path that extends along the lesser curvature of the stomach from the gastric cardia to the antrum and releases the gastric content directly into the small intestine. Its importance is confirmed by its association not only with drug delivery, but also with anti-obesity surgical techniques. The old German term has come back into common medical usage in view of the commonly performed Magenstrasse and Mill procedure, a form of bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION: Sclavunos G. managed to observe an anatomical structure that has remained of great importance until today.

Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). Del Guijuelo salmantino a la Guinea española / Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). From the Guijuelo’s region to Spanish Guinea

Utilizando como fuente principal la documentación conservada en los Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Madrid y Toledo, la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, la sección de África en el Archivo General de la Administración y la prensa períodica local, en particular la impresa en Salamanca y Santa Isabel (Guinea), reconstruimos la biografía del farmacéutico Juan Vegue Martín, desde su tierra natal en la comarca salmantina de Guijuelo hasta los últimos datos conocidos, en los territorios coloniales de la Guinea Española. Una biografía que puede servir como estudio de caso para otros farmacéuticos rurales, de vida nómada, que vivieron -y sufrieron- los años de la Guerra Civil española.(AU)

Using as main source the documentation kept in the Official Colleges of Pharmacists of Madrid and Toledo, the University of Santiago de Compostela, the section of Africa in the General Archive of the Administration and the local periodical press, particularly the one printed in Salamanca and Santa Isabel (Guinea), we reconstruct the biography of the pharmacist Juan Vegue Martín, from his homeland in the Guijuelo region of Salamanca to the latest known data, in the colonial territories of Spanish Guinea. A biography that can serve as a case study for other rural pharmacists, with a nomadic life, who lived through -and suffered- the years of the Spanish Civil War.(AU)

Life story templates in dementia care: Ambiguous direction and purpose.

BACKGROUND: The use of life stories in dementia care has been described as a way of seeing every person as an individual, looking beyond their dementia. Life stories have become synonymous with high-quality care, while in Sweden their mere existence in dementia care settings is taken to indicate quality in national comparisons. Such life stories are often standardised, generated by a family member answering predetermined questions in a template. AIM AND METHODS: Using a constructionist approach, this study will (1) chart what versions of a person's life story the templates produce, and (2) establish the intended purpose of such life stories, as communicated by the templates. This study departs from the assumption that life story templates communicate something about the conceptions of people living with dementia. The thematic analysis used data comprising 30 blank templates, totalling about 1,700 questions. FINDINGS: The life story templates were found to generate two very different versions of the individual: (1) a person before symptoms of dementia or (2) a patient with dementia. We also found contradictions about what information should be included, whose life story it was, and the intended use. DISCUSSION: Despite strong pressure on dementia care providers to collect life stories from residents, the life story templates they use are without clear direction, ideology, or purpose. The lack of direction is key given that life stories can be considered actants that shape assumptions about people with dementia and construct realities in dementia care settings. We highlight the need to develop ethical guidelines for life story template design, matched with guidelines for their intended use.

Combining experiential knowledge with scholarship in charting the decline of the National Health Service in England.

The sustained governmental assault on the National Health Service (NHS) in England during post-1970s financialised or rentier capitalism has received considerable attention by the research community. There is some evidence, however, that many of those members of the public who have not had occasion to use the NHS remain largely ill-informed about the extent of, and reasons for, its present troubles. In this paper I offer an auto/biographic account of my own recent experiences as a patient with type 2 diabetes and subsequent polymyalgia in both primary and secondary care. I then deploy analytic induction to consider, and explain, my personal travails against the background of the shifting nature of doctor-patient interaction occasioned by governmental politics in relation to the NHS. The result is an illustrated story of the decline of health care at a political juncture when the ever-expanding capital assets of a tiny minority of the population trumps the health care needs of the population as a whole. The present impoverishment of management and care must be understood with reference to wider aspects of macro-social change. The paper concludes with some ideas about how to (re)fund a severely ailing NHS.

Yvonne Lara: enfermeira brasileira / Yvonne Lara: Brazilian nurse / Yvonne Lara: enfermera brasileña

Objetivo: apresentar a trajetória de Yvonne da Silva Lara na enfermagem brasileira. Método: método histórico com base documental na perspectiva da microanálise com ênfase em biografia. Os dados coletados dos documentos pessoais e institucionais foram triangulados com a literatura de aderência e organizados nos eixos: dados pessoais, processo de formação na enfermagem e trajetória profissional. Resultados: a análise desses dados esclareceu a divergência no ano de nascimento da biografada e a revelou como enfermeira de formação com especialização, diversidade de conhecimentos e significativa vivência prática. Conclusão: o legado deixado foi ter articulado seus saberes e ideais em prol do ethos do cuidado ao ser humano.

Objective: to present the trajectory of Yvonne da Silva Lara in Brazilian nursing. Method: historical method based on documents from the perspective of microanalysis with an emphasis on biography. Data collected from personal and institutional documents were triangulated with the adherence literature and organized into axes: personal data, nursing education process and professional trajectory. Results: the analysis of these data clarified the divergence in the biographed woman's year of birth and revealed her as a trained nurse with specialization, with a diversity of knowledge and significant practical experience. Conclusion: the legacy she left was having articulated her knowledge and ideals in favor of the ethos of caring for human beings.

Objetivo: presentar la trayectoria de Yvonne da Silva Lara en la enfermería brasileña. Método: método histórico basado en documentos desde la perspectiva del microanálisis con énfasis en la biografía. Los datos recolectados de los documentos personales e institucionales fueron triangulados con la literatura de adherencia y organizados en los ejes: datos personales, proceso de formación de enfermería y trayectoria profesional. Resultados: El análisis de estos datos aclaró la divergencia en el año de nacimiento de la biografiada y la reveló como siendo una enfermera de formación con especialización, con diversidad de saberes y significativa experiencia práctica. Conclusión: El legado que dejó fue haber articulado sus saberes e ideales a favor del ethos del cuidado del ser humano.

Honoring the life and legacy of Fred Brauer.

The work of Fred Brauer (1932-2021) broke new ground in several areas of mathematical population biology, especially mathematical epidemiology and population management. This special issue reflects his legacy: the lines of inquiry he opened, the impact of his research and his books, and his mentoring of generations of young researchers. This dedication highlights milestones in his career and connects his work to the contributions in this issue.

Historiographic and biographic accounts of Faroese nurses' training and health-promoting work from 1910 to the end of the 1930s.

The Nordic country Faroe Islands consists of 18 mountain islands situated in the North Atlantic Sea. In the late 1800s, nursing in the Faroe Islands was behind international standards. A transition towards organised nursing commenced when Danish deaconesses arrived in 1897; their missions were to serve as nurses and train Faroese women in nursing. The overall aim of this research is to add to the history of Faroese nurses' training and work during the first decades of the 1900s, decades when Faroese nursing became visible through the presence of deaconesses and trained nurses. With historiographic and biographic approaches and in the context of Faroese history and nursing theory and research, we present accounts about four Faroese nurses' living, training and work during the three first decades of the 1900s. These years were progressive for Faroese nursing in hospital care and public health around on the islands, and a struggle to combat tuberculosis took place. We conclude by emphasising the importance of considering the beginning of professional nursing in a small faraway country where resilient nurses worked with ingenuity and often exceeded geographic and professional boundaries to help and support sick and injured compatriots, promoting their health and well-being.

Pioneer of Cardiothoracic Surgery - Joaquim Cavalcanti.

Joaquim de Souza Cavalcanti was a pioneer among us - the Brazilian State of Pernambuco and North-Northeast region - in cardiac surgery in its initial phase (Blalock-Taussig surgery and mitral valvulotomy), in thoracic surgery (pneumectomy, lung lobectomy and segmentectomy, lung decortication, and mediastinal tumor resection), and in numerous techniques and operative tactics in general surgery.

A celebration of Fred Brauer's legacy in mathematical biology.

Fred Brauer (1932-2021), one of the pioneers of mathematical population biology, shaped generations of researchers through his lines of research, his books which have become key references in the field, and his mentoring of junior researchers. This dedication reviews some of his work in population harvesting and epidemiological modeling, highlighting how this special collection reflects the impact of his legacy through both his research accomplishments and the formation of new researchers.

"They want you to know who they really are inside of the old visage"-biographical storytelling as a methodological tool to explore emotional challenges in old age.

BACKGROUND: Growing older is often associated with resilience, contentedness and inner growth. Older people however are also at risk of confronting unique emotional challenges as a result of varied ageing-related experiences. By employing a biographical lens, we aim to introduce storytelling as a methodological tool to more holistically explore older people's emotional challenges and to improve their wellbeing. METHODS: Building upon theoretical understandings about the narrative construction of identity across the life span, we draw upon a qualitative study about older people's loneliness as an example to showcase the methodological value and feasibility of biographical storytelling. We aim to better understand the nuanced and sometimes painful emotional experiences that can be encountered alongside ageing. RESULTS: Findings from the qualitative study we showcase, highlight that unique emotional pains and the (in)ability to deal with such in old age could be deeply rooted in older people's earlier lives. These findings contextualise people's emotional challenges and needs within their identity, as a narrative thread that links their past, present and expected future. As such, our example study shows that emotional challenges in old age are not only ageing-related, but can be more fundamentally connected to disruptions to the ongoing flow of narrative identity construction. CONCLUSION: The highly retrospective and reflexive nature of these findings illustrates the methodological merit of biographical storytelling. We argue that the impact of biographical storytelling can go further than both conventional semi-structured narrative interviews and existing interventional tools. Instead, it is a particularly useful research methodology to explore human experiences and needs in the unique context of ageing. This methodological development thus provides an insightful analytical lens to explore how older people's earlier life experiences may be carried forward and confronted to shape their emotional stability in the present and future stages of their ageing lives. Beyond the methodological significance, we further demonstrate the benefits of empowering older people to reconstruct their ageing lives in the context of their biography.

Biographical Narrative Research From the Perspective of the Science of Unitary Human Beings: A Methodological Approach.

Narrating or storytelling is a fundamental practice for human survival and a means for finding meaning in experiences and for enhancing self-understanding. The use of story has been present in nursing since its origins. Biographical narrative has rarely been used as a research method in nursing, and there are no examples conceptualizing biographical narrative research methods within a unitary science perspective. The purpose of this paper is to describe one specific narrative methodological approach-the biographical narrative research method-and to link the method to the science of unitary human beings as a means of creating a unitary understanding of the storied nature of human-health experiences.

Through the wine glass: How biographical midlife transitions and women's affective interpretations interact with alcohol consumption.

BACKGROUND: Women during midlife are consuming larger quantities of alcohol than any other age group of women and any other generation of midlife women previously. This is concerning given alcohol related-health risks coalesce with age-related health risks for women, in particular, breast cancer. METHODS: In-depth interviews with 50 Australian midlife women (aged 45-64) from different social classes explored women's personal accounts of midlife transitions and their descriptions of the role of alcohol in navigating these life experiences; both daily occurrences as well as significant moments in the life course. RESULTS: Our findings point to the complex, confusing and co-existing biographical transitions women experience during midlife (generational, embodied/physiological and material changes) that sharpen a role for alcohol in women's lives and are nuanced by social class (volumes of social, economic and cultural capital). We pay close attention to women's affective interpretations of these transitions and ways alcohol is used to feel robust in navigating daily life or easing their prospective futures. Critically, for women living with limited access to capital, and who could not 'measure up' to social ideals by comparison with the achievements and trajectories of other midlife women, alcohol reconciled their disappointment. Our exploration shows how the social class conditions that shape how women make sense of their transitions through midlife might be differently shaped to enable different options forreducing drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Policy must address the social and emotional concerns women experience through midlife transitions that give alcohol a worthwhile place in their lives. A first step might be responding to the absence of community and leisure spaces for midlife women especially those that do not integrate alcohol, with benefits including addressing loneliness, isolation and feeling invisible, and enabling positive constructions of midlife identities. Structural barriers to participation and feelings of worth must be removed for women who lack social, cultural and economic resources.

Anatole-Felix Le Double (1848-1913): 110 years of his death.

Anatole-Félix Le Double was a prominent figure associated with the concept of anatomical variations also including the comprehension of their anthropological and zoological aspects. As an anatomist, Le Double contributed significantly with his major treatise regarding muscles and bony variants. Furthermore, Le Double influenced and popularized paleoanthropology and its relation to anatomy not only in France but in several parts of the world - promoting the idea that anatomical variations are not only surgically and clinically relevant but also have an evolutionary significance. To celebrate 110 years of his passing, this paper aims to explain his trajectory as a young physician to one of the most important figures in how anatomical variants are perceived today.

Biografía de João Mauro Moraes, el primer hombre en graduarse como enfermeroen Minas Gerais, Brasil / Biografia de João Mauro Moraes, primeiro homem diplomado enfermeiro em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Biography of João Mauro Moraes, the first man to graduate as a nurse in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Objectives: to analyze the biography of João Mauro Moraes, the first man to graduateas a nurse in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methodology: this is a historical and biographical research.Data were collected from scientific articles, newspaper news, books, documents and photographs. The analysis followed the Biographical Narrative Interpretive Method. Results: presentsthe life history of João Mauro (1936-2017) and his role as a nursing attendant in the Army, nursing assistant, nurse and nursing manager at the Emergency Home Care Service of Itajubá. Discussion: João Mauro made a conscious choice for nursing, being socially respected and valued.His professional performance denotes ethical commitment, seriousness, firmness and respectfor human dignity. From his professional trajectory, a reflection was made on the male presencein nursing, a profession for women and men. Considerations: João Mauro was an importantcharacter in the Brazilian nursing history of the 20th century. His pioneering spirit broke withthe female hegemony in professional nursing training in Minas Gerais. His protagonism contributed to the inclusion of men in the nursing course of a Catholic confessional institution, at atime when the number of graduated male nurses in the country was minimal.(AU)

Objetivos: analizar la biografía de João Mauro Moraes, el primer hombre en graduarsecomo enfermero en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Metodología: se trata de una investigación histórica y biográfica. Los datos fueron recolectados de artículos científicos, noticias de periódicos, libros,documentos y fotografías. El análisis siguió el Método Interpretativo de la Narrativa Biográfica.Resultados: presenta la historia de vida de João Mauro (1936-2017) y su papel como auxiliar deenfermería en el Ejército, auxiliar de enfermería, enfermero y jefe de enfermería en el Servicio deAtención Domiciliaria de Emergencia de Itajubá. Discusión: João Mauro hizo una elección consciente por la enfermería, siendo socialmente respetado y valorado. Su desempeño profesionaldenota compromiso ético, seriedad, firmeza y respeto por la dignidad humana. A partir de sutrayectoria profesional, se hizo una reflexión sobre la presencia masculina en la enfermería, profesión de mujeres y hombres. Consideraciones: João Mauro fue un personaje importante en lahistoria de la enfermería brasileña del siglo XX. Su espíritu pionero contribuyó a la inclusión dehombres en el curso de enfermería de una institución confesional católica, en un momento en queel número de enfermeros graduados varones en el país era mínimo.(AU)

Objetivos: analisar a biografia de João Mauro Moraes, primeiro homem diplomadocomo enfermeiro em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Metodologia: trata-se de pesquisa histórica e biográfica. Os dados foram coletados de artigos científicos, notícias de jornais, livros, documentos efotografias. A análise seguiu o Método Interpretativo Narrativo Biográfico. Resultados: apresentaa história de vida de João Mauro (1936-2017) e sua atuação como atendente de enfermagem noExército, auxiliar de enfermagem, enfermeiro e gerente de enfermagem do Serviço de Atendimento Médico Domiciliar de Urgência de Itajubá. Discussão: João Mauro fez uma escolha consciente pela enfermagem, sendo respeitado e valorizado socialmente. Sua atuação profissional denota compromisso ético, seriedade, firmeza e respeito à dignidade humana. De sua trajetóriaprofissional fez-se uma reflexão sobre a presença masculina na enfermagem, uma profissão paramulheres e homens. Considerações: João Mauro foi um importante personagem da história daenfermagem, do interior do Brasil, na segunda metade do século XX. Seu pioneirismo rompeucom a hegemonia feminina na formação profissional de enfermagem em Minas Gerais. Seu protagonismo contribuiu para a inserção de homens no curso de enfermagem de uma instituiçãoconfessional católica, num tempo em que era mínimo o número de enfermeiros diplomados nopaís.(AU)

Biografía de la enfermera brasileña Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel y su iconografíafotográfica (1942-1955) / Biografia da enfermeira brasileira Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel e sua iconografia fotográfica (1942-1955) / Biography of the brazilian nurse Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel and her photographic iconography (1942-1955)

Introduction: The article presents the professional biography of a great leader in Braziliannursing, narrated from photographs and documents from the period. Objective: to describe thebiography of nurse Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel and analyze the content of her photographic iconography, covering the period from 1942 to 1955. Methodology: This is a qualitative, historicalsocial and biographical research, guided by the methodology of analysis and interpretation of photographic sources, by Boris Kossoy. Results: Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel was a leading figure inBrazilian and São Paulo nursing. She had a notable performance in care, teaching and managementof nursing schools and fought tirelessly to promote the development of the profession in Brazil andSouth America. The organization and curricular innovations implemented in the nursing courseduring her administration as the first director of the School of Nursing of the University of SãoPaulo are remarkable. She promoted the enrollment of men and women, white and black, fromdifferent social classes and of Brazilian and foreign nationality. Conclusion: Through Edith's direction, the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo became a pioneer in promoting a cultureof gender equality and valuing sociocultural diversity among students.(AU)

Introducción: El artículo presenta la biografía profesional de un gran líder de la enfermería brasileña, narrada a partir de fotografías y documentos de la época. Objetivo: describir la biografía de la enfermera Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel y analizar el contenido de su iconografía fotográfica, de 1942 a 1955. Metodología: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, histórico-social y biográfica, guiada por la metodología de análisis e interpretación de fuentes fotográficas de Boris Kossoy.Resultados: Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel fue una figura destacada de la enfermería brasileña y paulista. Tuvo un desempeño notable en la atención, docencia y gestión de escuela de enfermería yluchó incansablemente por promover el desarrollo de la profesión en Sudamérica. Son notables lasinnovaciones curriculares implementadas en el curso de enfermería durante su mandato como primera directora de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de São Paulo. Ella promovió la matrícula de hombres y mujeres, blancos y negros, de diferentes clases sociales y de nacionalidad brasileña y extranjera. Conclusión: A través de la dirección de Edith, la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de São Paulo se convirtió en pionera en promover una cultura de igualdad de género yvalorar la diversidad sociocultural entre los estudiantes.(AU)

Introdução: O artigo apresenta a biografia profissional de uma grande líder da enfermagem brasileira, narrada a partir de fotografias e documentos de época. Objetivo: descrever a biografia da enfermeira Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel e analisar o conteúdo de sua iconografia fotográfica,referente ao período de 1942 a 1955. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, histórico-social e biográfica, guiada pela metodologia de análise e interpretação das fontes fotográficas, de Boris Kossoy. Resultados: Edith de Magalhães Fraenkel foi uma figura de revelo daenfermagem brasileira e paulista. Ela teve notória atuação na assistência, ensino e gestão de escolade enfermagem e lutou, incansavelmente, pela promoção do desenvolvimento da profissão, no Brasil e América do Sul. É notável a organização e as inovações curriculares implantadas no curso deEnfermagem, durante sua gestão como primeira diretora da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. Ela promoveu a matrícula de homens e mulheres, brancos e negros, de classessociais diversas e de nacionalidade brasileira e estrangeira. Conclusão: Através da direção de Editha Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo se tornou pioneira na promoção da culturada igualdade de gênero e de valorização da diversidade sociocultural entre o alunado.(AU)

Body Size Poorly Predicts Host-Associated Microbial Diversity in Wild Birds.

The composition and diversity of avian microbiota are shaped by many factors, including host ecologies and environmental variables. In this study, we examine microbial diversity across 214 bird species sampled in Malawi at five major body sites: blood, buccal cavity, gizzard, intestinal tract, and cloaca. Microbial community dissimilarity differed significantly across body sites. Ecological theory predicts that as area increases, so does diversity. We tested the hypothesis that avian microbiota diversity is correlated with body size, used as a proxy for area, using comparative phylogenetic methods. Using Pagel's lambda, we found that few microbial diversity metrics had significant phylogenetic signals. Phylogenetic generalized least squares identified a significant but weak negative correlation between host size and microbial diversity of the blood and a similarly significant but weakly positive correlation between the cloacal microbiota and host size among birds within the order Passeriformes. Phylosymbiosis, or a congruent branching pattern between host phylogeny and their associated microbiota similarity, was tested and found to be weak or not significant in four of the body sites with sufficient sample size (blood, buccal, cloaca, and intestines). Taken together, these results suggest that the avian microbiome is highly variable, with microbiota diversity demonstrating few clear associations with bird size. Finally, the blood microbiota have a unique relationship with host size. IMPORTANCE All animals coexist and interact with microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, microscopic eukaryotes, and viruses. These microorganisms can have an enormous influence on the biology and health of macro-organisms. However, the general rules that govern these host-associated microbial communities are poorly described, especially in wild animals. In this paper, we investigate the microbial communities of over 200 species of birds from Malawi and characterize five body site bacterial microbiota in depth. Because the evolutionary relationships of the host underlie the relationship between any host-associated microbiota relationships, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to account for this relationship. We find that the size of a host (the bird) and the diversity and composition of the microbiota are largely uncorrelated. We also find that the general pattern of similarity between host phylogeny and microbiota similarity is weak. Together, we see that bird microbiota are not strongly tied to host size or evolutionary history.